The Sales Experience, Support and Development organization within Medicare and Retirement is accountable for optimizing the sales agent experience/performance, providing critical sales content and tools, and developing and delivering agent training.This role will work within this organization and be responsible for managing and solutioning business process needs within the team.This includes but is not limited to the following responsibilities:
?Lead the team in identification and creation of operational process improvements and establishing new processes
?Definition and daily management of project scope, schedule and costs
?Solve complex problems and develop innovative approaches and solutions for business needs
?Serve as key resource on complex and/or critical issues
?Perform complex analyses to support business needs
This position is located in Minnetonka, MN
?Undergraduate degree or equivalent experience
?4 years proven project management experience
?Ability to perform high-level and detailed-level analysis
?Demonstrated ability to communicate information clearly and concisely to all levels of the organization
?Excellent time management, organizational and prioritization skills and ability to balance multiple priorities
Preferred Qualifications:
?PMP and/or Six Sigma Certification
UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement is part of the family of companies that make UnitedHealth Group one of the leaders across most major segments of the US health care system.
Imagine joining a group of professionals and clinicians who are working to improve health care for people over 50. Consider the influence you can have on the quality of care for millions of people. Now, enhance that success with enthusiasm you can really feel.
That's how it is at UnitedHealthcare Medicare & Retirement. Everyday, we're collaborating to improve the health and well being of the fastest growing segment of our nation's population. And we're doing it with an intense amount of dedication.
Here, you will discover a culture that grows through challenge. That evolves by being flexible. That succeeds by staying true to our mission to make health care work effectively and efficiently for seniors. Put your best to work for us, and discover extraordinary opportunities for growth.
Diversity creates a healthier atmosphere: equal opportunity employer M/F/D/V
UnitedHealth Group is a drug-free workplace. Candidates are required to pass a drug test before beginning employment. In addition, employees in certain positions are subject to random drug testing.
EFT Tapping is a positive and unique form of therapy that can be used on your child or teen who suffers from anxiety or emotional problems. These types of concerns are fairly common at this juncture in life and could affect one out of every eight kids. If gone unchecked, these issues can cause difficulty in their family life, with their friends, and at school. The tapping method is quick and easy to master and can help them to overcome physical and emotional issues. The following is some helpful information on how to heal your kids and teens through the tapping method.
What is EFT Tapping?
Watching your child or teen suffer and go through emotional distress can be overwhelming and painful to you, the parent. Emotional and behavioral issues are typically caused by an anxiety, danger or some kind of threat they may be experiencing in life, and it can make children unable to function logically. Tapping works along the same lines as acupuncture but without the use of painful needles. The theory behind?emotional freedom techniques?is based on getting rid of the negative emotions that are in the body and replaces them with positive energy in a matter of minutes.
How Does Tapping Work?
The child or teen can begin by assessing the issue and summarizing the problem at hand. It then gets ranked a level of intensity and how serious the issue seems to them. Before the tapping process begins, positive affirmations are discussed. As the affirmation is being said out loud, the light finger tapping can begin. The various meridian points consist of the inner eyebrow, on the side of the eye, underneath the eye, nose, chin, collarbone and head. As the areas are tapped, positive energy is released and takes over the negative thoughts and feelings.
Eleven Ways EFT Tapping Can Help Your Child or Teen
There is no limit to the variety of problems that EFT tapping can help combat. This form of therapy can be used on children, teens and adults that suffer from:
Anxiety over starting a new school
A child or teen that is being bullied
Being afraid to talk in public
Overcoming physical and mental challenges
EFT for Teens and Children
When a problem begins to interfere with the daily life of your child or teen, it is your responsibility as her parent to help her find a resolution to cope with and work through these problems. The EFT tapping technique is simple to learn, and your child can teach herself to do it on her own when she is experiencing a difficult situation or anxious thoughts and feelings in everyday life. Parents can also master this skill and tap along with the child. The EFT method has been known to be a long lasting technique that conquers the issue permanently. It also works better than alternative forms of therapy like hypnosis or medication.
This technique is a positive tool to help children and teens learn to overcome common fears, anxieties, worries and serious traumas. The EFT tapping method can also help them build self-esteem by providing them with a safe outlet to get rid of the negative energy. If you have tried other methods of therapy, or even medications that have not been successful long term, the EFT tapping method may be your best solution for everyone involved.
Karla M. Somers is a firm believer in holistic forms of therapy and alternative healthcare options. She is a contributing writer for The Tapping Solution, a website dedicated to introducing people who are struggling with challenges in their lives to the natural, holistic approach of?emotional freedom techniques.
Posted by Guest Blogger on October 27, 2012. Filed under Health. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0. You can leave a response or trackback to this entry
Filed in Business on October 26, 2012 with no comments
A little over a decade ago, businesses could just register their company name and begin their marketing journey through the Yellow Pages. With the internet age, many businesses now understand the need to get online and have a website for their business. With the rise of Aussie domain names being registered every year, it?s very important for a business to check whether the domain name is still available for registration. So if you are thinking of setting up your own business, what do you think should get registered first? Your business name or your domain name?
? Twitter?s Country-Specific Content Blocking Raises Questions about the Efficacy of Geolocation (Guest Blog Post) | Main
October 25, 2012
Google Defeats Trademark Challenge to Its AdWords Service--Jurin v. Google (Forbes Cross-Post)
By Eric Goldman
Jurin v. Google, Inc.,?2012 WL 5011007 (E.D. Cal. October 17, 2012).
Google ($GOOG) makes billions of dollars a year selling AdWords ads triggered by third party trademarks. ?Over the past decade, trademark owners have brought about 20 lawsuits against Google challenging these ad sales. ?These lawsuits have ranged from high-stakes class action lawsuits (the FPX lawsuit) to well-funded?challenges by big ?trademark owners (e.g., the Rosetta Stone?($RST) and American Airlines lawsuits) to poorly funded lawsuits by no-name trademark owners like the case I discuss in this post. ?In a remarkable litigation tour-de-force, Google has never definitively lost any of these cases in court (though it has occasionally lost intermediate rulings). ?At the same time, Google hasn't definitively won any of its cases in court either. ?This makes Google's recent wi in an AdWords trademark case noteworthy.
Daniel Jurin owns the trademark "Styrotrim" for building materials. ?The first time he sued Google, he lost his lawyer and voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit, which led to a $6,000 sanction against him. ?Jurin found a new attorney and tried again, and even got a surprising intermediate win on his "false association" claim. ?However, Jurin lost his second lawyer--and his litigation mojo. ?As a result, Jurin didn't contest Google's summary judgment motion, giving Google an easy courtroom win. ?With minimal analysis, the court says that Jurin didn't provide any evidence of actionable consumer confusion, false advertising or sufficient fame to support a trademark dilution claim.
It's hard to get too excited about a Google win where the opponent stopped showing up. ?Still, for Google, this is a rare final ruling in its favor. ?Google got a partial win in the GEICO case?in 2005, leading to a settlement. ?Google also got a complete win in the Rosetta Stone case at the district court, but the appellate court reversed that win. ?Assuming Jurin won't appeal this ruling (after all, he effectively abandoned the case), this may be the first time Google won an final judicial decision upholding the legitimacy of its AdWords trademarked keyword ads sales.
Jurin's fizzling out also reminds us that suing Google for trademark infringement remains a bad business decision. ?Google will spend whatever it takes?to defend its cash cow--far more than it's worth to any individual trademark owner, especially a small player like Styrotrim, to sue Google. ?Recently, we've seen a couple of ill-advised new trademark lawsuits by other small-time players (CYBERsitter and Home Decor Center). ?Google will win those cases, probably because those plaintiffs will give up--just like many other trademark owners (including?American Blinds, Ascentive,?Ezzo,?Rescuecom, Parts Geek,?Soaring Helmet?and others) have voluntarily done after tangling with Google.
The most dangerous pending AdWords-related?trademark lawsuit is the Rosetta Stone case. ?Despite the Fourth Circuit's revitalization of the case, I believe Google will win that lawsuit (or settle on favorable terms). ?As a result, I predict that Google will soon finish the job of establishing a clean bill-of-health on the legitimacy of selling third party trademarks to trigger keyword advertisements. ?Microsoft ($MSFT), Yahoo ($YHOO) and other sellers of trademark-keyed ads (such as Twitter) should all benefit from that outcome too.
For more on the policy considerations underlying trademark challenges to AdWords, see my papers?Deregulating Relevancy in Internet Trademark Law?and?Brand Spillovers. ?Also see my recent Forbes post,?Newly Released Consumer Survey Indicates that Legal Concerns About Competitive Keyword Advertising Are Overblown.
Posted by Eric at October 25, 2012 03:48 PM | Derivative Liability , Internet History , Search Engines , Trademark
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Oct. 25 ? In a move to boost tourism in the island province of Hainan, China?s Ministry of Finance (MOF) released the ?Announcement on Adjusting the Tax-free Shopping Policies for Visitors Departing from Hainan Island (Announcement [2012] No.73, hereinafter referred to as ?Announcement?) on October 22, which is scheduled to take effect from November 1, 2012.
The Announcement makes the following adjustments to the tax-free policies for visitors departing from Hainan Island:
Adjusting the minimum age threshold of applicable visitors to age 16.
Adding three categories of tax-free commodities, including beauty and health care equipment, tableware and kitchen appliances, and toys; with the scope of tax-free commodities expanding to 21 categories.
Adjusting the upper value limit of tax-free commodities purchased each time by every visitor departing from Hainan Island to RMB8,000, with the number of tax-free commodities purchased expanding to an appropriate extent.
Apart from the above-mentioned adjustments, other contents of the tax-free shopping policies for visitors departing from Hainan Island shall be carried out according to the ?Announcement of the Ministry of Finance Concerning the Pilot Implementation of Tax-free Shopping Polices for Visitors Departing?from Hainan Island (Announcement [2012] No.14),? and the tax-free commodities must comply with relevant regulations?regarding inspection and quarantine, Chinese tags, product certification, hygiene licenses, and quality safety.
Dezan Shira & Associates is a specialist foreign direct investment practice, providing corporate establishment, business advisory, tax advisory and compliance, accounting, payroll, due diligence and financial review services to multinationals investing in emerging Asia.
For further details or to contact the firm, please email china@dezshira.com, visit www.dezshira.com, or download the company brochure.
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Related Reading
VAT General Taxpayer Status: How and Why
Six Key Points Regarding China?s Tax Reforms in 2012
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Tar sands operations are harming at least 130 migratory bird species, including endangered whooping cranes. ?(FWS)
The letter describes how tar sands operations are harming at least 130 migratory bird species, including endangered whooping cranes, as well as threatened woodland caribou herds. The letter also highlights shocking data from a recent report, produced by Shell, which determined there will be severe impacts on wildlife habitat if tar sands operations expand as planned in the region.
?It?s critical that the Canadian government consider that Shell itself recently concluded that if the Shell Jackpine Mine Expansion project and other proposed projects are approved, woodland caribou would lose a staggering 47 percent of their high quality habitat, as compared to pre-industrial conditions.? said Sarah Burt, an attorney at Earthjustice. ?Such negative impacts greatly undermine international protections and conservation efforts.?
The Shell report also identified at least two bird species protected under the Migratory Bird Convention that would be severely affected: horned grebes would lose 26 percent of their high quality habitat as compared to pre-industrial conditions, while olive-sided flycatchers would lose 13 percent.
?Considering the cumulative impacts that the Shell mine expansion would exacerbate, we urge the review panel of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency to conclude that the Shell mine expansion would have significant adverse effects, and is not in the public interest,? said Melissa Gorrie, staff counsel with Ecojustice
?We know that tar sands mining permanently damages the environment and destroys forests and wetlands with vast infrastructure, open pit mines, and toxic wastewater ponds up to three miles wide.? said James Murphy, senior counsel at National Wildlife Federation. ?Waterbirds mistake those tailings ponds for natural ponds. They land in the contaminated water and get coated in oil and other toxins. They often drown, die from hypothermia, or suffer from ingestion of toxins.?
?We are facing the extinction of most of Alberta?s woodland caribou herds and the loss of millions of migratory birds in the tar sands region in the next few decades,? said Susan Casey-Lefkowitz, director of the International Program at the National Resources Defense Council. ?Whooping cranes are particularly vulnerable to the risk of landing in a tailings pond. The Shell mine is in the migratory flight path of the entire global population of wild, migratory whooping cranes?only 400 are left. Expanding tar sands mining in the region increases risks for this remarkable endangered species.?
?Tar sands are a massive source of greenhouse gas pollution that will increase wildfires, droughts, and vegetation shifts in Alberta?s boreal forests and contribute to rising seas and severe storms in the U.S.," said Devorah Ancel, attorney at the Sierra Club. "Mining tar sands in Canada also has significant downstream impacts, including risks of catastrophic spills and air quality degradation because tar sands are transported to the U.S. for refining. The Canadian government must take action to prevent mining from expanding as proposed.?
The letter marks the one year anniversary of the submission of a similar petition to the Secretary of the Interior of the United States calling for the certification of Canada regarding Canada?s failure to prevent takings of woodland caribou and migratory birds, including whooping cranes, which result from large-scale tar sands development in Alberta.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service forwarded the petition to the Canadian government but has not received a response. U.S. officials state they cannot move forward on the petition without a response from Canada. The coalition is now addressing these issues directly with the Canadian government by issuing this letter.
Conservation groups that signed the letter include Center for Biological Diversity, Council of Canadians, Environmental Defence, Forest Ethics, Friends of the Earth, National Wildlife Federation, Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Sierra Club.
WESTMINSTER, Colo. (Reuters) - A Colorado teenager has been arrested on suspicion of abducting and killing a 10-year-old girl who disappeared on her way to school and was later found dismembered, a crime that left Denver-area parents gripped with fear, police said on Wednesday.
Jessica Ridgeway vanished on October 5 in the Denver suburb of Westminster, and a man reported finding her backpack on a sidewalk in front of his house two days later, 6 milesfrom where she was last seen.
Police later confirmed that mutilated remains discovered in a park about 10 miles from the Ridgeway home belonged to the missing girl.
The 17-year-old suspect, Austin Sigg, a Westminster resident whom investigators believe also tried to abduct a jogger in May of this year near the girl's home, was taken into custody on Tuesday evening, police said.
Police said they were led to Sigg's home by a phone call but did not elaborate on the nature of the tip.
"We notified the Ridgeway family this morning of this arrest, and we hope and pray that this arrest gives them some measure of closure in dealing with this horrible tragedy and loss that they have suffered," Westminster Police Chief Lee Birk told reporters at a press conference on Wednesday.
Members of Sigg's family were not immediately available for comment. The youth's home was cordoned off with crime-scene tape on Wednesday, preventing reporters from approaching the house.
Jessica's kidnapping and slaying drew national media attention and terrified parents in Westminster and surrounding areas, leading them to walk or drive their children to and from school and to keep youngsters from playing outdoors unattended.
EASING THE TRAUMA
Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper said in a statement that "every parent in every Colorado community will rest a little easier tonight" following the arrest.
Lynn Setzer, spokeswoman for the Jefferson County School District, said Sigg was enrolled as recently as July in a vocational school where he earned a high school equivalency diploma.
Two 17-year-old girls who said they had attended a regular high school with Sigg described him as a member of the so-called Goth crowd of students who dressed in dark clothing and congregated in the back of the cafeteria at lunchtime.
Rachel Bradley called Sigg "very different" and said he spent a lot of after-class time in the school's computer lab. Sarah Moravec added, "And when you talked to him, you could tell he wasn't very happy."
Both girls were present at a makeshift memorial for Jessica in her neighborhood.
In March Sigg placed second in a crime scene investigation contest held by the Health Occupation Students of America leadership conference, according to a notice submitted at the time on the Denver Post's neighborhood news website.
A police custody report showed Sigg was enrolled recently at a community college in suburban Denver. A spokeswoman for the state's community college system said officials there were cooperating with police, but did not comment further.
Investigators had in recent days linked Jessica's killing to the attempted abduction in May of a jogger, a 22-year-old woman. In that incident, a man placed a chemical-soaked rag over her mouth but she managed to escape.
Sigg was due to appear in court on Thursday to face charges of murder, kidnapping and attempted murder, according to the custody report.
Sigg would not face the possibility of the death sentence if convicted. The U.S. Supreme Court in 2005 abolished the death penalty for those convicted of committing a crime while under the age of 18.
(Reporting by Keith Coffman; Writing by Alex Dobuzinskis; Editing by Steve Gorman and Xavier Briand)
When negative political ads workPublic release date: 24-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Barbara Gutierrez bgutierrez@miami.edu 305-284-5500 University of Miami
University of Miami professor examines when and how negative campaigns ads are effective
Televised political advertising takes up a large portion of campaigns budgets. Much of it is spent on negative political ads. But do these negative ads work? A new study by Juliana Fernandes, assistant professor of strategic communication at the University of Miami (UM), shows that a negative political ad is most effective when it's shown in moderation. The findings reveal that massive exposure to a negative ad has a backlash effect on the evaluation of the sponsor candidate.
"People will be more likely to appreciate and vote for the candidate that is sponsoring the negative advertisement, if the ad is presented in a spaced-out manner, over time," "says Fernandes, a UM School of Communication professor. "A candidate that doesn't have a large budget for political advertising can use the same advertising over and over again; but in a way that is more strategic."
In the study, university students participated in two separate tests. First, 150 participants watched the repetition of a 30-second negative political ad of candidates that were likely unknown to participants (one, three, or five exposures). The ads were presented sequentially, characterizing the presentation as massive. The results show that evaluation and the likelihood of voting for the sponsor candidate was highest when the participants were exposed to the ad three times and lowest when they were exposed to the ad five times.
In the second test, 306 university students watched advertisements of unknown candidates within a 30 minute television program, with varying time intervals between ad repetitions. Afterwards participants filled out questionnaires to evaluate the sponsor and the attacked candidates, as well as the likelihood of voting for them.
The results indicate that larger time intervals between repetitions of the ad favor the evaluation of the sponsor candidate and disfavor the evaluation of the target candidate. This was true even with increased repetition, suggesting that the sponsor candidate can avoid the backlash effect by allowing larger time intervals between ad exposures.
"In my study I show that negative political ads do work under certain conditions," Fernandes says. "I think they can help the political process, because people can look at some facts, process the information more carefully and later on--when people cast their votes--they can make an informed decision."
The study is titled "Effects of Negative Political Advertising and Message Repetition on Candidate Evaluation" The findings will be published in March of 2013, in the journal Mass Communication and Society.
In the future Fernandes would like to investigate valance variation, such as what happens when there are repeated negative and positive political ads and when there are negative ads sponsored by opposing candidates. She would also like to analyze the possible effects of individual variables, such as gender and party affiliation.
###
The University of Miami's mission is to educate and nurture students, to create knowledge, and to provide service to our community and beyond. Committed to excellence and proud of our diversity of our University family, we strive to develop future leaders of our nation and the world. www.miami.edu
The School of Communication prepares forward-thinking, analytical and responsible communication professionals for success in a global society. The School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in advertising, cinema, communication studies, interactive media, journalism and public relations, with a total current enrollment of approximately 1100 students and 58 full-time faculty members
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
When negative political ads workPublic release date: 24-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Barbara Gutierrez bgutierrez@miami.edu 305-284-5500 University of Miami
University of Miami professor examines when and how negative campaigns ads are effective
Televised political advertising takes up a large portion of campaigns budgets. Much of it is spent on negative political ads. But do these negative ads work? A new study by Juliana Fernandes, assistant professor of strategic communication at the University of Miami (UM), shows that a negative political ad is most effective when it's shown in moderation. The findings reveal that massive exposure to a negative ad has a backlash effect on the evaluation of the sponsor candidate.
"People will be more likely to appreciate and vote for the candidate that is sponsoring the negative advertisement, if the ad is presented in a spaced-out manner, over time," "says Fernandes, a UM School of Communication professor. "A candidate that doesn't have a large budget for political advertising can use the same advertising over and over again; but in a way that is more strategic."
In the study, university students participated in two separate tests. First, 150 participants watched the repetition of a 30-second negative political ad of candidates that were likely unknown to participants (one, three, or five exposures). The ads were presented sequentially, characterizing the presentation as massive. The results show that evaluation and the likelihood of voting for the sponsor candidate was highest when the participants were exposed to the ad three times and lowest when they were exposed to the ad five times.
In the second test, 306 university students watched advertisements of unknown candidates within a 30 minute television program, with varying time intervals between ad repetitions. Afterwards participants filled out questionnaires to evaluate the sponsor and the attacked candidates, as well as the likelihood of voting for them.
The results indicate that larger time intervals between repetitions of the ad favor the evaluation of the sponsor candidate and disfavor the evaluation of the target candidate. This was true even with increased repetition, suggesting that the sponsor candidate can avoid the backlash effect by allowing larger time intervals between ad exposures.
"In my study I show that negative political ads do work under certain conditions," Fernandes says. "I think they can help the political process, because people can look at some facts, process the information more carefully and later on--when people cast their votes--they can make an informed decision."
The study is titled "Effects of Negative Political Advertising and Message Repetition on Candidate Evaluation" The findings will be published in March of 2013, in the journal Mass Communication and Society.
In the future Fernandes would like to investigate valance variation, such as what happens when there are repeated negative and positive political ads and when there are negative ads sponsored by opposing candidates. She would also like to analyze the possible effects of individual variables, such as gender and party affiliation.
###
The University of Miami's mission is to educate and nurture students, to create knowledge, and to provide service to our community and beyond. Committed to excellence and proud of our diversity of our University family, we strive to develop future leaders of our nation and the world. www.miami.edu
The School of Communication prepares forward-thinking, analytical and responsible communication professionals for success in a global society. The School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in advertising, cinema, communication studies, interactive media, journalism and public relations, with a total current enrollment of approximately 1100 students and 58 full-time faculty members
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Hurricane Sandy made landfall earlier today in Jamaica.?
Cruise ships in the Caribbean are navigating around the storm keeping their passengers and crew safe.?? We will have a better idea of the damage in Jamaica tomorrow and if the damage will prevent ships from calling on Jamaica next week.?? If I had to guess, I?d guess that cruise ships will continue to call on Jamaica next week [but that is just a guess].
The projected path of Hurricane Sandy indicates that there could be impacts Friday cruise departures from Miami or Port Canaveral.? She could also impact Carnival Fantasy departing from Charleston on Saturday.
There have not been any changes to upcoming cruise departures from Hurricane Sandy.? We will monitor announcements closely and report here if there are cruise impacts from Hurricane Sandy.? CLICK HERE to subscribe to CruiseSource.
If you are departing between Thursday ? Saturday, I recommend you be in contact with your travel agent and bookmark this page for updates.?? You can also follow @CruiseSource on Twitter.
Last update from Carnival Cruise Lines [5 PM ET]:
10/25/12 AND 10/26/12 DEPARTURES: CARNIVAL DESTINY, CARNIVAL SENSATION and CARNIVAL IMAGINATION At this time, no changes have been made and our itinerary remains as scheduled.? We?re keeping our fingers crossed the weather will not impact our plans.
At the moment, there are no changes expected for any other sailings departing this weekend.
If you have any questions about specific cruises please leave them in the comments below and I will answer them ? Rich
BTW, I?m depart Sunday from Ft. Lauderdale on the Allure of the Seas.? From the projected path, we look fine but I will be watching this one closely.
Author Note: Rich Tucker, founder of CruiseSource has been reporting on cruise impacts from tropical storms and hurricane since 2008.
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Creepy Close-Ups: Best Microscope Critter Photos Spiders, weevils, wasps, lice, mites and mosquitoes are among the creepiest subjects of the winners of Nikon's Small World microscope photography competition this year. Super-close-ups of eyes, tongues and silk spinnerets are amazingly beautiful, but also gross enough to induce shivers.
Source: Wired Posted on:
Tuesday, Oct 23, 2012, 9:27am Views: 11
Biologists record increasing amounts of plastic litter in the Arctic deep seaPublic release date: 23-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Sina Lschke medien@awi.de 49-047-148-312-008 Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
Studies confirm that twice as much marine debris is lying on the seabed today compared to 10 years ago
Biologists record increasing amounts of plastic litter in the Arctic deep sea: studies confirm that twice as much marine debris is lying on the seabed today compared to ten years ago
Bremerhaven, 22nd October 2012. The seabed in the Arctic deep sea is increasingly strewn with litter and plastic waste. As reported in the advance online publication of the scientific journal Marine Pollution Bulletin by Dr. Melanie Bergmann, biologist and deep-sea expert at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Helmholtz Association. The quantities of waste observed at the AWI deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN are even higher than those found in a deep-sea canyon near the Portuguese capital Lisbon.
For this study Dr. Melanie Bergmann examined some 2100 seafloor photographs taken near HAUSGARTEN, the deep-sea observatory of the Alfred Wegener Institute in the eastern Fram Strait. This is the sea route between Greenland and the Norwegian island Spitsbergen. "The study was prompted by a gut feeling. When looking through our images I got the impression that plastic bags and other litter on the seafloor were seen more frequently in photos from 2011 than in those dating back to earlier years. For this reason I decided to go systematically through all photos from 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2011," Melanie Bergmann explains.
The deep-sea scientists from the HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology of the Alfred Wegener Institute regularly deploy their towed camera system OFOS (Ocean Floor Observation System) during Polarstern expeditions to the HAUSGARTEN. At the central HAUSGARTEN station it is towed at a water depth of 2500 metres, 1.5 metres above the seabed, and takes a photograph every 30 seconds. Deep-sea biologists principally use these photographs to document changes in biodiversity with respect to larger inhabitants such as sea cucumbers, sea lilies, sponges, fish and shrimps. However, for Melanie Bergmann they also provided evidence of increasing deep-sea pollution: "Waste can be seen in around one percent of the images from 2002, primarily plastic. In the images from 2011 we made the same discovery on around two percent of the footage. The quantity of waste on the seabed has therefore doubled", the scientist says. If we consider the time span between 2007 and 2011 the amount has even risen by an order of magnitude.
At first sight, the "two percent" result may not cause much concern. However a comparison demonstrates the true extent of the pollution in the Arctic deep sea: "The Arctic Ocean and especially its deep-sea areas have long been considered to be the most remote and secluded regions of our planet. Unfortunately, our results refute this notion at least for our observatory. The quantities observed were higher than those recorded from a deep-sea canyon not far from the industrialised Portuguese capital Lisbon," Melanie Bergmann explains. It is also important to bear in mind that, according to recent research, more plastic waste will accumulate in deep-sea canyons than in open slope environments such as HAUSGARTEN.
Melanie Bergmann is unable to determine the origin of litter from photographs alone. However she suspects that the shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice may play an important role. "The Arctic sea ice cover normally acts as a natural barrier, preventing wind blowing waste from land out onto the sea, and blocking the path of most ships. Ship traffic has increased enormously since the ice cover has been continuously shrinking and getting thinner. We are now seeing three times the number of private yachts and up to 36 times more fishing vessels in the waters surrounding Spitsbergen compared to pre-2007 times," Melanie Bergmann says. Furthermore, litter counts made during annual clean-ups of the beaches of Spitsbergen have shown that the litter washed up there originates primarily from fisheries.
The main victims of the increasing contamination of the seafloor are the deep-sea inhabitants. "Almost 70 percent of the plastic litter that we recorded had come into some kind of contact with deep-sea organisms. For example we found plastic bags entangled in sponges, sea anemones settling on pieces of plastic or rope, cardboard and a beer bottle colonised by sea lilies," Melanie Bergmann says.
When sponges or other suspension feeders come into contact with plastic, this may cause injuries to the surface of their body. The consequence: the inhabitants of the sea bed are able to absorb fewer food particles, grow more slowly as a result, and probably reproduce less often. Breathing could also be impaired. Furthermore, plastic always contains chemical additives, which have various toxic effects. "Other studies have also revealed that plastic bags that sink to the seafloor can alter the gas exchange processes in this area. The sediment below then becomes a low oxygen zone, in which only few organisms survive," Melanie Bergmann says. On the other hand, other animals use the waste as hard substratum to settle on. "This allows colonisation by species that previously would have found hardly any suitable substratum. This means that the waste could change the deep-sea composition of species and therefore biodiversity in the long-term," the researcher adds.
In view of the far-reaching climate changes in the Arctic, Melanie Bergmann and colleagues want to expand their research projects on "litter in the sea": "Until now our results from the Fram Strait merely constitute a snapshot, reflecting the observations that we were able to make with the naked eye," the scientist explains. For example, the focus is currently moving to the question of deep-sea pollution resulting from so-called micro-plastic particles. "We took samples for the first time during the last expedition with our research ice breaker POLARSTERN to the HAUSGARTEN observatory. Our AWI colleagues from Helgoland will analyse them for micro-plastics," says Melanie Bergmann. Micro-plastics can be ingested by marine animals including commercially harvested prawns and fish and enter the human food chain.
During this expedition Belgian mammal and bird observers also counted 32 pieces of litter floating at the water surface. The probability of researchers finding more litter on the deep ocean floor is therefore great. Melanie Bergmann: "Pieces of plastic on the deep seafloor are unlikely to degrade into micro-plastics as quickly as is the case on the North Sea coast, for example. This is due to the lack both of sunlight at a depth below 200 metres and of strong water movement. Instead it is dark and cold there. Under these conditions plastic waste can probably persist for centuries."
###
Glossary:
HAUSGARTEN: HAUSGARTEN is the deep-sea observatory of the Alfred Wegener Institute in the eastern Fram Strait. It consists of 16 stations covering water depths of between 1000 and 5500 metres. Since 1999 samples were taken annually at these stations every year during the summer months. The year-round deployment of moorings and free-falling systems that act as observation platforms on the sea bed enables seasonal measurements. A remotely controlled underwater vehicle (Remotely Operated Vehicle, ROV) takes targeted samples, positions and services automatic measuring instruments and conducts experiments in situ on a regular basis. HAUSGARTEN is one of the key regions in the European Network of Excellence ESONET (European Seas Observatory Network) and is a member of the German Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTER-D).
Microplastic particles: microplastic particles denote microscopically small plastic particles that are created when plastic waste breaks down into ever smaller fragments during the course of chemical and physical aging processes. Due to their size, microplastics pose a risk of being eaten by small shrimps, fish larvae and other organisms at the bottom of the food chain. For example microplastics have already been found in the stomachs of commercially fished Norwegian lobster. In addition to the pure physical damage, the absorption and concentration of pollutants from the microplastic particles is to be anticipated. No studies have so far looked into the effect of this on the individual organism and on other components of the food chain, however negative consequences are to be feared.
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Biologists record increasing amounts of plastic litter in the Arctic deep seaPublic release date: 23-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Sina Lschke medien@awi.de 49-047-148-312-008 Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
Studies confirm that twice as much marine debris is lying on the seabed today compared to 10 years ago
Biologists record increasing amounts of plastic litter in the Arctic deep sea: studies confirm that twice as much marine debris is lying on the seabed today compared to ten years ago
Bremerhaven, 22nd October 2012. The seabed in the Arctic deep sea is increasingly strewn with litter and plastic waste. As reported in the advance online publication of the scientific journal Marine Pollution Bulletin by Dr. Melanie Bergmann, biologist and deep-sea expert at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Helmholtz Association. The quantities of waste observed at the AWI deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN are even higher than those found in a deep-sea canyon near the Portuguese capital Lisbon.
For this study Dr. Melanie Bergmann examined some 2100 seafloor photographs taken near HAUSGARTEN, the deep-sea observatory of the Alfred Wegener Institute in the eastern Fram Strait. This is the sea route between Greenland and the Norwegian island Spitsbergen. "The study was prompted by a gut feeling. When looking through our images I got the impression that plastic bags and other litter on the seafloor were seen more frequently in photos from 2011 than in those dating back to earlier years. For this reason I decided to go systematically through all photos from 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2011," Melanie Bergmann explains.
The deep-sea scientists from the HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology of the Alfred Wegener Institute regularly deploy their towed camera system OFOS (Ocean Floor Observation System) during Polarstern expeditions to the HAUSGARTEN. At the central HAUSGARTEN station it is towed at a water depth of 2500 metres, 1.5 metres above the seabed, and takes a photograph every 30 seconds. Deep-sea biologists principally use these photographs to document changes in biodiversity with respect to larger inhabitants such as sea cucumbers, sea lilies, sponges, fish and shrimps. However, for Melanie Bergmann they also provided evidence of increasing deep-sea pollution: "Waste can be seen in around one percent of the images from 2002, primarily plastic. In the images from 2011 we made the same discovery on around two percent of the footage. The quantity of waste on the seabed has therefore doubled", the scientist says. If we consider the time span between 2007 and 2011 the amount has even risen by an order of magnitude.
At first sight, the "two percent" result may not cause much concern. However a comparison demonstrates the true extent of the pollution in the Arctic deep sea: "The Arctic Ocean and especially its deep-sea areas have long been considered to be the most remote and secluded regions of our planet. Unfortunately, our results refute this notion at least for our observatory. The quantities observed were higher than those recorded from a deep-sea canyon not far from the industrialised Portuguese capital Lisbon," Melanie Bergmann explains. It is also important to bear in mind that, according to recent research, more plastic waste will accumulate in deep-sea canyons than in open slope environments such as HAUSGARTEN.
Melanie Bergmann is unable to determine the origin of litter from photographs alone. However she suspects that the shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice may play an important role. "The Arctic sea ice cover normally acts as a natural barrier, preventing wind blowing waste from land out onto the sea, and blocking the path of most ships. Ship traffic has increased enormously since the ice cover has been continuously shrinking and getting thinner. We are now seeing three times the number of private yachts and up to 36 times more fishing vessels in the waters surrounding Spitsbergen compared to pre-2007 times," Melanie Bergmann says. Furthermore, litter counts made during annual clean-ups of the beaches of Spitsbergen have shown that the litter washed up there originates primarily from fisheries.
The main victims of the increasing contamination of the seafloor are the deep-sea inhabitants. "Almost 70 percent of the plastic litter that we recorded had come into some kind of contact with deep-sea organisms. For example we found plastic bags entangled in sponges, sea anemones settling on pieces of plastic or rope, cardboard and a beer bottle colonised by sea lilies," Melanie Bergmann says.
When sponges or other suspension feeders come into contact with plastic, this may cause injuries to the surface of their body. The consequence: the inhabitants of the sea bed are able to absorb fewer food particles, grow more slowly as a result, and probably reproduce less often. Breathing could also be impaired. Furthermore, plastic always contains chemical additives, which have various toxic effects. "Other studies have also revealed that plastic bags that sink to the seafloor can alter the gas exchange processes in this area. The sediment below then becomes a low oxygen zone, in which only few organisms survive," Melanie Bergmann says. On the other hand, other animals use the waste as hard substratum to settle on. "This allows colonisation by species that previously would have found hardly any suitable substratum. This means that the waste could change the deep-sea composition of species and therefore biodiversity in the long-term," the researcher adds.
In view of the far-reaching climate changes in the Arctic, Melanie Bergmann and colleagues want to expand their research projects on "litter in the sea": "Until now our results from the Fram Strait merely constitute a snapshot, reflecting the observations that we were able to make with the naked eye," the scientist explains. For example, the focus is currently moving to the question of deep-sea pollution resulting from so-called micro-plastic particles. "We took samples for the first time during the last expedition with our research ice breaker POLARSTERN to the HAUSGARTEN observatory. Our AWI colleagues from Helgoland will analyse them for micro-plastics," says Melanie Bergmann. Micro-plastics can be ingested by marine animals including commercially harvested prawns and fish and enter the human food chain.
During this expedition Belgian mammal and bird observers also counted 32 pieces of litter floating at the water surface. The probability of researchers finding more litter on the deep ocean floor is therefore great. Melanie Bergmann: "Pieces of plastic on the deep seafloor are unlikely to degrade into micro-plastics as quickly as is the case on the North Sea coast, for example. This is due to the lack both of sunlight at a depth below 200 metres and of strong water movement. Instead it is dark and cold there. Under these conditions plastic waste can probably persist for centuries."
###
Glossary:
HAUSGARTEN: HAUSGARTEN is the deep-sea observatory of the Alfred Wegener Institute in the eastern Fram Strait. It consists of 16 stations covering water depths of between 1000 and 5500 metres. Since 1999 samples were taken annually at these stations every year during the summer months. The year-round deployment of moorings and free-falling systems that act as observation platforms on the sea bed enables seasonal measurements. A remotely controlled underwater vehicle (Remotely Operated Vehicle, ROV) takes targeted samples, positions and services automatic measuring instruments and conducts experiments in situ on a regular basis. HAUSGARTEN is one of the key regions in the European Network of Excellence ESONET (European Seas Observatory Network) and is a member of the German Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTER-D).
Microplastic particles: microplastic particles denote microscopically small plastic particles that are created when plastic waste breaks down into ever smaller fragments during the course of chemical and physical aging processes. Due to their size, microplastics pose a risk of being eaten by small shrimps, fish larvae and other organisms at the bottom of the food chain. For example microplastics have already been found in the stomachs of commercially fished Norwegian lobster. In addition to the pure physical damage, the absorption and concentration of pollutants from the microplastic particles is to be anticipated. No studies have so far looked into the effect of this on the individual organism and on other components of the food chain, however negative consequences are to be feared.
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?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
ScienceDaily (Oct. 22, 2012) ? Women under age 50 who have been diagnosed with endometrial cancer, and first, second and third degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer may have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), according to two separate studies unveiled October 22 at the American College of Gastroenterology's (ACG) 77th Annual Scientific meeting in Las Vegas. Two other CRC-related studies presented at ACG 2012 investigated the impact of gender, race and obesity on the incidence of adenoma and advanced adenoma detection rates -- suggesting that overweight African American and Hispanic men may be at greater risk for precancerous polyps which if not detected early enough could lead to colorectal cancer.
Highlights of Colorectal Cancer Research from the ACG Annual Scientific Meeting
"Risk of Colorectal Cancer after Diagnosis of Endometrial Cancers: A Population-Based Study
"Women diagnosed with endometrial cancer under age 50 had a "marked increased risk" of being diagnosed with colorectal cancer in a historical cohort study by researchers at the University of Manitoba who linked several large longitudinal databases routinely collected in Manitoba, including the Manitoba Cancer Registry and some of Manitoba Health databases. The researchers followed 3,115 women diagnosed with endometrial cancer between 1987 and 2008 and 15,084 age-matched controls up to December 2009.
Women younger than 50 in the cohort at the time of diagnosis of endometrial cancer had an approximately four -fold increased risk of being subsequently diagnosed with colorectal cancer as compared to the age matched women in the general population. The risk was even higher (seven fold higher) for colorectal cancers occurring in the upper part of the colon (right colon). There was no increased risk for colorectal cancer among women diagnosed with endometrial cancer, when they were 50 years old or older.
Endometrial cancer is a cancer that starts in the inner lining of the womb (uterus) called the endometrium. In the U.S., endometrial cancer is the most common cancer found in women's reproductive organs. The chance of a woman having this cancer during her lifetime is about one in 38, according to the American Cancer Society.
"This study suggests there is an increased risk of colorectal cancer after a diagnosis of endometrial cancer among young women," said co-investigator Dr. Harminder Singh. He said, therefore these patients need close follow-up particularly for colorectal cancers occurring in the upper part (right-side) of the colon. "Colorectal cancer screening should start at a younger age in such women."
"Elevated Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Relatives of Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Study in Utah"
In the first population-based assessment of the risk of colorectal cancer in extended family members of patients with CRC, researchers from the Huntsman Cancer Institute in Salt Lake City, UT reported that first, second and third degree relatives of individuals with colorectal cancer had an increased risk of developing CRC themselves -- with the strength of the association based on the degree of kinship, according to lead investigator, Niloy Jewel Samadder, M.D.
The "degree of kinship" describes the proportion of genes shared by two blood relatives. A person's first-degree relative is a parent, sibling, or child. A first degree relative shares about half of their genes with the person. A second degree relative of a person is an uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, grandparent, grandchild or half- sibling. A second degree relative shares about one quarter of their genes with the person; while a third degree relative of a person is a first cousin, great-grandparent or great-grandchild. A third degree relative shares about one eighth of their genes with the person.
"This study has resolved many of the issues confounded in previous studies where reliance on patient recall regarding family history and lack of verification of reported colorectal cancer diagnoses have made it difficult to quantify the risk of CRC in the relatives of patients with colorectal cancer," said Dr. Samadder, noting that the "biggest strength" of the study is its design.
The retrospective case-control study included 126,936 Utah residents between 50 and 80 years old who underwent colonoscopy between February 15, 1995 and January 31, 2009 at Intermountain Healthcare of University of Utah Health System -- with 3,804 of these patients diagnosed with CRC -- and defined as the case population. For each case, 1 randomly selected age-and -sex-matched control was selected from the population who had CRC-free colonoscopy. Researchers confirmed family relationships through the Utah population database and CRC diagnosis through the Utah Cancer Registry. The results showed that first degree relatives of individuals with colorectal cancer had an 80 percent increased risk for CRC; second degree relatives had an increased risk of 30 percent and third degree relatives had an increased risk of 15 percent.
"Our data support the current CRC screening guidelines and raise the question of whether such screening should be extended to first-degree relatives of patients with CRC diagnosed at or above age 60," said Dr. Samadder, adding that the results, "further support a genetic basis of inheritance for CRC over shared environmental factors."
A key message from the study is that "the risk for colorectal cancer doesn't stop at our first-degree relatives," noted Dr. Samadder. He urged patients to be aware of their extended family histories and encouraged physicians to look beyond a patient's parents and grandparents when assessing colorectal cancer risk.
"Impact of BMI and Gender on Advanced Adenoma Detection Rates in Minority Populations" Body mass index (BMI) seems to have a linear association with advanced adenoma detection rates (ADR) in an African American and Hispanic male cohort, where a trend towards higher right-sided advanced adenomas is also seen in this study group, according to researchers from The Brooklyn Hospital Center.
Adenomas are a type of colon polyp that is considered a precursor for invasive colorectal cancer (CRC) which is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in both men and women in the U.S., according to the American Cancer Society. It is estimated that there will be 143,460 new cases diagnosed in the United States in 2012 and 51,690 deaths due to this disease.
The study included 895 subjects with a mean age of 73 years and a higher proportion of females compared to males. African Americans made up 74 percent of the group and 26 percent were Hispanic. The study subjects were divided into five groups based on BMI, according to co-investigator Shashideep Singhal, M.D., who noted that males showed a progressive linear incremental trend in ADR with an increase in BMI. Total ADR was 14%, 12.9%, 13.9% and 16.3 % in Groups 1-4 with no statistical differences. Group 5 was excluded from analysis due to small sample size. The incidence of right-sided advanced adenomas was also higher with increasing BMI (60%, 60%, 64.3% and 71.4% in Groups 1-4 respectively). However, this trend was not seen in women in this cohort.
"The study shows that the higher the BMI the higher the adenoma detection rate and that African American and Hispanic men in this study group have the greatest risk for pre cancerous polyps which if not detected early could lead to colorectal cancer," said Dr. Singhal." He said that while these findings need to be confirmed with larger studies, they may have useful implications for designing preventive strategies in high-risk populations -- specifically identifying patients who are at high risk and increasing colonoscopy screening intervals in these patients who are at increased risk for CRC.
When detected early, polyps can be removed during a colonoscopy exam, preventing the development of colorectal cancer. This ability to prevent colorectal cancer through polyp removal is the cornerstone of the American College of Gastroenterology's 2009 screening guideline which recommends colonoscopy as a "preferred" colorectal cancer prevention strategy. The ACG also recommends African Americans undergo CRC screening at age 45 due to increased CRC risk factors. A tremendous body of evidence shows that clearing the colon of polyps, including small polyps, significantly reduces colorectal cancer mortality. When detected in its earliest and most treatable stage, the survival rates for colorectal cancer exceed 90 percent.
"Gender Specific Prevalence of Adenomas, Advanced Adenomas and Colorectal Cancer in Patients Undergoing Screening Colonoscopy"
Researchers from The University of Texas Medical Branch collected colonoscopy data retrospectively from a university-based hospital and included all average risk screening colonoscopies performed between 2006 and 2011 to determine and compare the prevalence and numbers needed to screen for adenomas, advanced adenomas and colorectal cancer in different age groups among men and women. Of the 2388 patients included in the study, 51 % were women.
Overall, men in the study group had a significantly higher prevalence of adenomas (32% vs. 23%) and advanced adenomas (8% vs. 5%) compared to women and the prevalence of CRC was higher in men, but did not reach statistical significance, according to co-investigator Dr. Praveen Guturu, MD.
When the data was broken down between different age groups, the prevalence of adenomas in the 50-59 year age group was significantly higher in men compared to women (29% vs. 19%). But there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of adenomas and advanced adenomas among men in the 60-69 age group and over 70 group, when compared to women. "Our study suggests that men might develop advanced colon polyps at an earlier age compared to women and this information will help us design appropriate screening and surveillance guidelines in future,'' said Dr Guturu.
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